How To Support A Book Or A Favorite Author For Little Or No Money

How To Support A Book Or A Favorite Author For Little Or No Money I have a new book coming out in October. While I feel I have talked about it nonstop, I still find many people I know or who are familiar with ask me about it and are surprised to learn its happening so soon (the book is called Dont Call Me Crazy: 33 Voices Start The Conversation about Mental Health  and is an anthology that features essays and art about mental health). This is only made more complicated because, as someone who works in a world of books, Im always working months ahead of time when it comes to reading. But what about when a book is coming out in a couple weeks or hit shelves in the last few days, weeks, or months? Ive put together a handy little guide to how t0 support a book or favorite author. This guide is meant as a way to spread the word about a book you love or you want to get more attention, and all of the tips are pretty easy and straightforward. Some will cost you a little bit of money while others are completely free and will cost little more than a few minutes of your time. Whatever your investment, here are a few ways for how to support a book or favorite author. Preorder The Book Youve likely seen authors talk about preordering their book. Preordering is simply placing an order for the book through your favorite retailer before the book is published. Some places guarantee that whatever the lowest price the book comes to between the time of order and publication date is the price you pay, so it doesnt matter if you want to get it a little cheaper. Why does preordering matter? Books that are sold during the first week of a books publication show to a publisher there is interest in the title. Those preorders are counted toward first-week sales, so it can give a huge boost to a title when many orders are placed before the books publication date. If theres interest in a book and its shown clearly from the start, the chances of your favorite author getting another book deal increases. Its also possible that with an increase in preorders through bookstores, more copies of that particular title or that authors titles may be available in store. More in store placement of books means the chances of the book finding a new readership increase. As much as everyone wishes that every book were in bookstoresâ€"independent or chainâ€"its simply not the case. Poke around here to learn a little more about how and why preorders matter. Cost:  The price of the book. Request The Book Be Purchased For Your Library Many public libraries have forms either on their website or in person which allow you to recommend books for their collection. If you do a search of the library catalog and notice a new or upcoming title isnt listed, drop a recommendation. To make this process as seamless as possible, when you submit the request, make sure to include why. Note the authors previous books, and include book reviews for the new title if you have them (places like Kirkus Reviews have their reviews online and often, theyre published weeks or months in advance of the book). You might also find it worthwhile to explain that you read the book and loved it and think readers who like a certain genre or similar author might, too. Theres no guarantee the book will be purchased by the library, but it will show interest to the purchasers. This gets the book on their radars to look up. In my own experience working in libraries, so long as someone wasnt abusing the systemâ€"requesting a ton of titles all the time, requesting their own books, etc.â€"I tended to purchase all books requested, since I knew theyd be borrowed by at least one person. Cost:  Nothing but a little of your time! Borrow the book from your local library One of the tools that librarians use when making purchasing decisions is the circulation records of previous titles. This is why every James Patterson book is on standing order; his books circulate very well, and thus are automatically purchased when a new book comes out. If you love a book or an author and prefer to borrow, rather than buy, books, take the time to get it from the library. The librarys purchase and your borrowing  do  make a difference to an author or a book. Although its not always guaranteed, if you are able to put a hold request on a book before its available, that might help libraries make a decision of whether or not to purchase more than a single copy. Books which are showing a lot of activity, like multiple holds on a single copy, suggest that the popularity and interest is there and the library should consider purchasing another copy or two to fulfill the interest. You may think that not buying the book and instead relying on the library doesnt help a book or author. But it does! Libraries make a huge difference for those books and authors. Cost:  Nothing but your time (and maybe overdue fines if you, like me, are terrible about due dates). Attend An Authors Event Is your favorite author having an event thats easy for you to get to? Take the time and go. Its not always easy to do, but if the means are there, take advantage. A packed audience for an event is a sign to the bookstore that theres interest in the authorâ€"as well as similar authorsâ€"and thus, they may have the opportunity to return with future books. Its not always necessary to buy the book when you attend an event, though its always nice to purchase  something  when you attend an event. Buy a cup of coffee in the cafe, a cool pair of socks from their sideline items, or even a book that youve been meaning to buy. This is not necessary, but it is a nice thank you to the store for hosting the event. Of course, if you can buy the authors book, do that. Consider gifting it to a friend or family member if you dont need it because youve already preordered it or because youve borrowed it from the library. Also? Authors love looking at an audience of people there to hear about their work. Your presence is welcome, and know that when you talk with them afterward or ask a question during the QA portion of the talk, theyre so thrilled to hear from you.  You  are why they have the opportunity to be there, and that doesnt get forgotten. Authors list their events on their websites, as well as across social media. But you can also keep an eye on local bookstores for their upcoming events and attend those that sound even remotely interesting to youâ€"you may discover a new favorite by simply taking the chance. Plus, its fun to get out of the house for an hour or two in the middle of the week if you can. Cost:  Whatever you choose to purchase from the event. Leave Reviews on Consumer Websites Have you seen the meme circulating about how, when a book reaches 50 reviews on Amazon, its included in more of their promotional materials? If not, take a peek over to the left. Its hard to determine if thats true or not, but I can say from my own book writing experience that once I hit 50 reviews, I definitely saw my book popping up in more of the You might also like features other similar books. If youve loved a book, one of the most powerful things you can do is drop a review on consumer sites like Amazon, Barnes Noble, Chapters, Target, Walmart, and more. These reviews are super helpful for browsers considering a purchase, and even something as simple and straightforward as This book was excellent, and I would recommend it for people who like books that are (insert genres or styles) or television shows like (name show). If you write one review, you can copy and paste it across a couple of different sites. One of the tips I have from doing this is to spend 10 minutes once a month drafting a few reviews of recent reads and then dropping them all at once. This makes it part of a habit, and its one that doesnt require much time. If youre feeling really motivated, you can drop reviews on places like Goodreads or your librarys catalog, too. Those help people find a book and consider whether to buy or borrow it. Cost:  A few minutes of your time. Recommend the book on social media, your favorite blogs, and to friends in person looking for a good book Do you use social media or keep a blog? Writing about the books or authors you love or sharing short reviews and images really does make a difference. It gets the book on radars of other readers, as well as those who might not generally call themselves readers but like  you  and are therefore intrigued. One of the things thats worth doing is seeing if theres a hashtag related to the book. Many publishers and authors choose a hashtag for the book, and if its not on the book itself, do a quick search to see if theres a hashtag with the books title or the authors name. When you do something on social media with the book, include those tags. Itll help your voice be amplified and allow those who find out about the book from you an opportunity to discover more about the book. Never overlook the power of talking about the book to people you know, too. In the course of a day or week, its likely that if people know youre a reader, youll get asked for a good book. Heres your chance to highlight a recent favorite title or author and spread the word. The same principles that make consumer reviews powerful are those which make your personal recommendation in your own personal spaces powerful. Maybe even more so, since your name and face mean something to the people who care about you, and your seal of approval for something means just that much more to them (Think about it: you might peruse reviews of a place to get your car fixed for hours, but if your best friend says she loves a certain shop, you are more likely to go to that shop than the one which had 100 five-star reviews). If writing reviews on your blog or on social media isnt your jam, think more creatively: share quotes from the book youve loved or simply take a picture and share it. Maybe youd like to connect it to a favorite TV show or song and talk about how and why they remind you of one another. Be as creative as youd likeâ€"every voice matters in getting the word out, and sometimes, its those creative, clever things that can have the most power. Perhaps you wont convince someone to buy the book for themselves, but you might convince them that its a book someone they know would love, ultimately leading them to gift it to someone else. That is power. Cost: Your time! None of these are brilliant suggestions for how to support a book or favorite author, but theyre all tried-and-true strategies. Theyre real, tangible ways you as a reader and book lover can do work that makes a powerful and lasting difference. If youd like even more ideasâ€"including plenty of creative ones!â€"check out our previous post on 99 ways to get the word out about a book.

Per Business Insider, Forty-Two Million Prostitutes Work

Per Business Insider, forty-two million prostitutes work in both legalized and illegalized countries. Many countries have taken different legal paths to deal with prostitution. These paths include; prohibition, making all forms of prostitution illegal; legalize, making all forms legal; and decriminalizing, normalizing prostitution. The debate of how to handle prostitution cannot be discussed until prostitution is understood. The Merriam-Webster dictionary describes prostitution as â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† Prior to the nineteenth century, prostitution in the US was legal in red light districts, zoned areas where there was little conflict between communities and businesses, and the†¦show more content†¦As the policies currently stand in the US, no health requirements for prostitutes are in place and this damages public health. The justice system assumes that deterring people from participating in prostitu tion will prevent the spread of sexual transmitted diseases but this is not the case and has not always been the argument against prostitution. In an article called â€Å"Why is Prostitution Criminalized? An Alternative Viewpoint on the Construction of Sex Work,† by Rebecca Hayes-Smith and Zahar Sherkarkhar, researches argue that before the nineteenth century the debate was based on moral grounds, but after the nineteenth century it was shifted to the medical issues. It is especially interesting that, â€Å"At the time doctors urged the government to regulate and license prostitution so that prostitutes would be required to take medical exams,† because medical professionals were only wanting exams while the government pushed that illegalization was the only way to prevent the spread of STDs (Smith and Sherkarkahr 45). Nonetheless, protecting prostitutes and clients from STDs is a big concern in all countries but illegalization is not the way to protect the public. In an article â€Å"What to know about Nevada’s legal brothels,† by Michael Martinez, he discusses the different health regulations that brothels in Nevada abide by. It is noted that, â€Å"The state board of health requires sex workers to undergo testing for sexually transmitted infections. Monthly blood testing isShow MoreRelatedSame-Sex Marriage and Religion: An Inappropriate Relationship8330 Words   |  34 Pagesin our society over many years now, appearing in several ballot initiatives such as California s Proposition 8. The idea of allowing two people of the same gender to enter into the institution of marriage has brought out drastic emotions and reactions from many different groups of people. Those who engage in the debate believe strongly in their convictions; the two loudest voices tend to come from the gay community and the religious community, the former arguing in favor of same-sex marriage andRead MoreAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |   468 Pagesclub management became nervous. I was their biggest investment ever, and I didn t feel good in the new lineup. I was too expensive not to feel good. Txiki Begiristain, the sports director, was pushing me; he said I had to speak with the coach. Work it out! I didn t like it. I m a player who accepts the situation. But sure, fine, I did it! A friend of mine said Zlatan, it s like if Barca bought a Ferrari but are driving it like a Fiat, and I thought, yeah, that s a good argument. Guardiola

The Ethical Dilemmas Of Euthanasia Essay - 2007 Words

This chapter discusses the literature currently available on the ethical dilemmas of euthanasia and PAS that have arisen in Canada since its legalization. This Literature Review is organized into six sub-categories: (1) the law (2) medical issues (3) patient capacity and autonomy (4) expenditures: palliative care vs. assisted suicide (5) family (6) ethics. This review will offer a foundational understanding of the practices of euthanasia and PAS and defining the various dilemmas that have arisen for medical professionals under the new Canadian law. The literature gives the acronym for euthanasia/ physician assisted suicide as PAS or EAS, and these terms can be used interchangeably. The Law Euthanasia in Canada distinguishes between passive euthanasia, which is the withholding or withdrawing of life-preserving procedures including water and food, and active euthanasia (intentionally killing a person to relieve pain). Passive euthanasia or medically assisted suicide is legal in Canada, as of June 2016, while active euthanasia remains illegal (Chochinov, 2016). Assisted suicide was previously prohibited under the criminal code as a form of culpable homicide (Beschle, 2013; Schafer, 2013). The prohibition was overturned in a February 2015 decision by the Supreme Court in Carter v Canada (Chan Somerville, 2016), which ruled that adults with grievous and irremediable medical conditions are entitled to PAS. The ruling was stayed by the court so as to allow time for theShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Dilemmas Of Euthanasia Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesThe Ethical Dilemmas of Euthanasia in Canada with the Legalization of Physician-Assisted Suicide This systematic analysis of the professional literature will explore the ethical dilemmas that Canadian medical professionals face while considering euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide, the latter of which was made legal in Canada on June 17, 2016 (Chochinov and Frazee, 2016). This paper will discusses the conflicts that healthcare professionals are faced with when looking at the quality of lifeRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of Euthanasia761 Words   |  4 PagesThe Ethical Dilemma of Euthanasia An incredibly controversial issue clouds the minds of millions of people everyday as death confronts them. The problem revolves around the ethics of euthanasia. Should medical assisted suicide be outlawed in all situations or under certain circumstances, could it be considered ethical? Do humans violate nature’s course with science and advanced technology by playing God? Why should doctors and families witness their loved ones suffer when the solutionRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Euthanasia1085 Words   |  5 PagesBenchmark Assignment: Ethical Dilemmas Euthanasia is most commonly known when used to put down an animal. What about using euthanasia on humans that wish to end their life due to medical reasons? According to Merriam-Webster’s online Dictionary, euthanasia is â€Å"the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals (as persons or domestic animals) in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy† (n.d.). This practice is also known as assisted suicide. InRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Euthanasia1493 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemma: Euthanasia Euthanasia has always been a common topic especially a debatable one talking about allowing patients who are suffering from any incurable disease or condition or even in an irreversible coma to choose to end their live on their own terms painlessly. The following will discuss a specific case and analyzed using the Christian worldview. Since the moral debate of euthanasia is such a topic of controversy, potential solutions towards the issue, and how such solutions can beRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Euthanasia Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagesto put many peoples situations into context when it comes to the debate of euthanasia or assisted suicide. The ethical dilemma in this case is that of Lecretia Seales request to die of assisted suicide in 2015. This deals with a current issue not only as Seales’ appeal to the New Zealand high courts for law change in relation to criminal law declarations which was placed last year but also as the debate on whether euthanasia should be legal in New Zealand, which has been thrown back and forth in parliamentRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Euthanasia Essay1905 Words   |  8 Pagessuffering and extreme pain her patients endure on the daily. In this paper we will discuss the ethical dilemma of euthanasia and how it affects the nursing profession, along with the moral issues pertaining to the dilemma. What is the Ethical Dilemma? (Tirsit) Before passing moral judgment on this issue it is imperative that the true definition of euthanasia is stated to shine clarity on the matter. Euthanasia is formally defined as the administration of drugs to a patient with the precise intentionRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Euthanasia1136 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment: Ethical Dilemmas The world is a place full of black and white along with so much gray. Many people who have heated debates usually have them on topics related to ethical dilemmas that range from abortion to politics to religion. No one ever agrees on everything all of the time which can leave a lot of issues unresolved or ignored. Most of the time a person and their worldview determines what they consider is an ethical choice. This paper will cover the ethical dilemma of euthanasia and howRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Euthanasia1764 Words   |  8 PagesBenchmark – Ethical Dilemmas The issue of euthanasia is a dispute that has been around since the late 1800’s (Dowbiggin,2003). The act of euthanasia or mercy killing is a debated ethical dilemma that some believe to be morally wrong. While circumstances can differentiate a person’s justification, there is always another perspective to consider where euthanasia is involved. In my paper I will dive into Case Study 2, which deals with the discussion of euthanasia according to the Christian worldviewRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma Of Voluntary Euthanasia1125 Words   |  5 Pagesto consider the serious ethical dilemma of voluntary euthanasia. Is euthanasia murder or a justifiable suicide? Our approach and opinions to this sensitive ethical dilemma is sharply contrasted based in our convictions and ethics derived from our own personal worldview. I will evaluate and examine euthanasia’s ethical dilemma according to my Christian worldview and compare the moral rules, right or wrong, that many believ e, allowing man to suffer is immoral. Ethical Dilemma Joni is a young adult whoRead MoreEuthanasia: An Ethical Dilemma Essay1810 Words   |  8 PagesThe ethical debate regarding euthanasia dates back to ancient Greece and Rome. It was the Hippocratic School (c. 400B.C.) that eliminated the practice of euthanasia and assisted suicide from medical practice. Euthanasia in itself raises many ethical dilemmas – such as, is it ethical for a doctor to assist a terminally ill patient in ending his life? Under what circumstances, if any, is euthanasia considered ethically appropriate for a doctor? More so, euthanasia raises the argument of the different

Effects On Support Networks Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Discoursing about sexual wellness in older people is a hard subject in both professional wellness attention and patient because most aged people might experience abashed. Besides they would prefer physicians to present about sexual issues to them instead than they discuss it by them self. In this essay will place definition and history of gender in aging people. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects On Support Networks Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Recent statistic, physical changed and affects older individual ‘s life styles psychological and other are explained. Some support services are recommended. Sex in senior groups are focused because most immature people still misunderstand about sex and gender in older people lives. Definition and History Definition of gender is an ability of people to hold feeling and give love to each other to develop and hold a positive mentality about sexual activity. In add-on, responsible determination about physical, emotional and societal facets should be made ( Henry and McNab 2003 ) . History In an earlier common stereotype and myths which, people assumed that when a natural physical and emotional of older people have changed they lost sexual desires and they do non hold ability to do love and have sex any longer. Besides it was hard to discourse openly among physician and patient ( Henry and McNab 2003 ) . However, sex and gender among senior groups have become more widely discussed than the past, written by Gott ( 2004 ) . Recent Statisticss A 2007 study of sex older among grownups reported in Lindau, et Al. ( 2007 ) involved over 3,000 work forces and adult females. Its figures show that 73 % of older grownups aged 57 to 64 were sexually active. 53 % of those aged 65 to 74 were so, whilst merely 26 % of those between the ages of 75 to 85 were sexually active. The study besides showed that it was non merely healthy work forces ( 81 % ) and healthy adult females ( 51 % ) who were being sexually active in the old 12 months but 47 % of work forces and 26 % of adult females in hapless wellness were besides sexually active. Furthermore, older people in the 50 – 70 age group seem to hold more sex spouses and likely to travel back to dating than the last decennary. In add-on, Australian survey was reported from the mid-1990s of age 80, 8 % of adult females and 29 % of work forces were still holding sex. ( Minichiello and Hawkes 2011 ) . Furthermore, Lindau, et Al. ( 2007 ) besides found some aging people suffered from sexual jobs, the most common being erectile troubles in work forces ( 37 % ) and low desire ( 43 % ) , vaginal waterlessness ( 39 % ) and inability to culminate ( 34 % ) among the adult females surveyed. In add-on, less than 50 % both work forces and adult females had discussed sex with a doctor since they had become 50 old ages old. One surprising statistic found by the same writers was that sexually transmitted infections have been increasing among those of older age. Somes and Donatelli ( 2012 ) study that human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infections are increasing faster in the group aged over 50 old ages than group ages under 40 old ages during the period 2000 to 2009. Syphilis, herpes, chlamydia and venereal warts have besides seen the largest rates of addition among those aged 45 to 64 old ages during the same period. Physiology Harmonizing to My physician for a healthy Australia ( 2010 ) natural physical difference in organic structure form and size among older work forces and adult females can sometimes impact their ability to hold and bask sex. A study by Laumann et Al. ( 2005 ) of the sexual jobs among over 26,000 work forces and adult females aged 40-80 from 29 states found a scope of sexual jobs. One such alteration for both sexes is that is reasonably normal is that sexual rousing might happen less frequently and more easy. Work force may endure from erectile disfunction ( ED ) , which is the hard-ons tend to be less house, less seeds is ejaculated and necessitate more clip for subsequent hard-ons ( Henry and McNab 2003 ) . However Viagra and several medicines are available for work forces to execute or keep a sufficient hard-on for sexual activity. On the other manus, reduced degrees of estrogen among older adult females after climacteric may do some of them to see vaginal waterlessness ( Mayo Clinic 2011 ) . Besides, decrepit vagina contractions and lower organic structure engagement during climax might happen. Equally good as cause other emotional alterations associated with reduced sensitiveness, and response sexual libido ( Henry and McNab 2003 ) . Furthermore, a scope of chronic unwellnesss such as relate to the cardiovascular system, high blood force per unit area, diabetes, hormonal jobs, depression or anxiousness, and the side effects of some medicines and surgeries may besides do sexual trouble among older grownups. . Effectss on the Aged Sex effects in aged people, reported by Henry and McNab ( 2003 ) . Performance anxiousness and depression symptoms are common in both work forces and adult females in progress age. This is related to societal isolation and lead to loss of libido, which may do sexual disfunction or reduces sexual desire. Aged people feel guilty to hold sexual activity outside of matrimony. In add-on, widows or widowmans may experience blameworthy to get down a new relationship because they feel perfidiously. Although older work forces still have pleasant visual aspect crucial to their felicity, the feeling of wellbeing in adult females is reduced. As the consequence sexual activity in adult females has decreased earlier than work forces. Beside some older grownup experienced that the environment which they live might tie in with their sexual-life as good. For illustration, an aided life, long-run attention installation or nursing place, this is consequence to their privateness. Besides the unequal fig ure of sexes in aging people could increase the trouble for work forces and adult females to attach to and develop their relationship particularly with the opposite sex in those topographic points. Effectss on the Support Networks Changes in the gender of an older individual will besides hold impacts on others, particularly their spouse and carer. When people become older they barely to speak with each other about sex, even though they still enjoy or used to bask the sex ( Keutz 1995 ) . Some of aging people loss assurance because of their physical and organic structure form has changed. Besides the relationship go more strain related to endocrine degrees or emotional changed, it might greatly happen after climacteric which is related to desire of gender. Furthermore, some older twosomes might hold statement more regularly which could non merely cut down familiarity between their relationships but besides decrease their sexual desires. In add-on, professional wellness attention might see a trouble covering with temper swing of their aged patients. It can sometimes be difficult to understand why the older client is non get bying good with ripening, because alterations in gender are frequently non discussed at a ll ( Funnel, Koutoukidis A ; Lawrence, 2009 ) . Support services Support services associating to gender for older grownups are available both as books and online. For illustration, the book Sex Over 50 by Block and Bakos ( 1999 ) was written for the turning group of aging Americans who are looking for professional, practical advice on how to do the passage to deeper, richer, more sophisticated sexual relationships. Similarly, the book Sexuality, Sexual Health and Ageing ( Gott 2005 ) explains the issues and experiences that may happen in the sexual activities of older grownups. In footings of on-line resources, the American Psychological Association ( APA ) is the largest scientific and professional organisation psychological science supports in the United States. Their mission is to progress the creative activity, communicating and application of psychological cognition to profit society and better people ‘s lives ( American Psychological Association 2013 ) . Relevant web pages from their on-line resources include Clay ‘s ( 2012 ) â⠂¬Å" Later-Life Sexual activity † which outlines how to Assessing older people ‘s sex lives, Get the better ofing challenges and Coping after malignant neoplastic disease. In add-on, over 9,000 organisations together form the International Council on Active Aging ( ICAA ) , organizing professionals working for the benefit of older grownups in footings of their the retirement, assisted life, fittingness, rehabilitation and health ( ICAA 2012 ) . More locally, the Western Australian Center for Health and Ageing ( WACHA ) is an administration that helps back up and improves the lives of aged people, prevent the beginning of disenabling unwellnesss and happen better ways to handle the common diseases for them ( Western Australian Center for Health and Ageing 2012 ) . Relevant web pages from their on-line resources that relate to sexuality include its â€Å" Healthy Sex Life Not Merely for the Young † ( Western Australian Center for Health and Ageing 2012 ) . This is utile because this intelligence was explained about sexual activity in older people which is of import for immature people to understand about it. Decision In decision, this easy has shown that, gender is a capacity of experiencing love nevertheless in progress aged it hard to discourse between physicians and patients. Many people believed that when people become older their sexual desires are decreased and unable to do love any more. On the other manus, older grownups in both healthy and unhealthy over 50 old ages old were still sexually active. Nevertheless, physical changed such as organic structure form and size may impact their ability to hold sex. Some older work forces might endure from erectile disfunction besides adult females may see vagina waterlessness which related to sexual libido decreasing. Furthermore, some chronic unwellness may cut down ability to bask sex. Not merely physical changed but besides mood swing or depression symptom could impact aged people to hold a trouble sex-life. In add-on, sometimes it hard for wellness attention profession to understand older people as good. Many support beginnings and services are available for older people. How to cite Effects On Support Networks Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Othello Act 2 Summary

'Othello' Act 2 Summary Iagos evil plan begins to take shape in Othello Act 2. Our summary works through Act 2 scene-by-scene to guide you through the complex plot that drives Shakespeare’s Othello. Act 2 Scene 1 Montano the Governor of Cyprus and two gentlemen discuss the tempestuous weather which has defeated most of the Turkish fleet. A Third gentleman enters to decry the end of the war; â€Å"News lads! Our wars are done. The desperate tempest hath so banged the Turks that their designment halts.† He explains that a noble Venetian ship weathered the storm and Michael Cassio, Othello’s Lieutenant has arrived on shore. Cassio is said to be concerned about Othello’s ship which was caught up in the storm. Cassio enters concerned about Othello â€Å"O let the heavens give him defence against the elements, For I have lost him on a dangerous sea†. A sail is spotted at sea, the hope is that it is Othello’s ship; however, Cassio identifies the ship as Iago’s. On the ship are Roderigo, Desdemona and Emilia among others. Cassio explains to Montano about the marriage between Othello and Desdemona and his arrangement for Iago to provide for her shelter and protection. Desdemona enters asking about her husband, Cassio says; â€Å"The great contention of the sea and skies parted our fellowship†. Cassio introduces himself to Emilia, Iago puts his wife down by telling him that she talks too much he then goes on to say of women in general: â€Å"You are pictures at the door, bells in your parlours; wildcats in your kitchens, saints in your injuries; devils being offended, players in your housewifery, and hussies in your beds.† Iago is encouraged by the women to further develop his cutting and satirical use of ‘praise’ for their amusement. Cassio and the ladies go off as Iago ruminates on his plot to make Cassio appear to be having an affair with Desdemona. Othello’s trumpet sounds, he has arrived. Desdemona and Othello have a loving exchange of words and Iago says in an aside that despite their obvious love now, he will ruin their union. Othello confirms that the Turks are defeated. The group leave Iago and Roderigo alone on stage. Iago tells Roderigo that Desdemona is clearly in love with Othello, Roderigo refuses to believe it. Iago believes that Cassio does love Desdemona but that she loves Othello and acknowledges that Othello would prove to be a good husband to her. Iago admits to loving Desdemona too but not out of lust more out of revenge that because Othello ‘slept with his wife’ then he should sleep with his; â€Å"For that I do suspect the lusty Moor hath leapt into my seat, †¦And nothing can or shall content my soul Til I am evened with him, wife for wife.† Failing this, Iago wants to put Othello in to a jealousy so strong that he will not be able to trust his wife again. Iago will use Michael Cassio as Desdemona’s supposed suitor in order to get closer to Othello and to put Cassio’s character in to disrepute. Act 2 Scene 2 Othello’s Herald enters to read a proclamation; he invites the victorious soldiers to come and celebrate his nuptials with him. He encourages them to dance and feast and enjoy themselves. He blesses the isle of Cyprus and Othello. Continue reading by visiting our contents page  of scene guides to Shakespeare’s Othello.

Classical and Behavioural Approaches

Classical and Behavioural Approaches Outline This is an essay which compares the classical approach to the management and behavioral approach to the management. The paper is designed in such a way that first, there is an introduction followed by the body of the paper. The body of the paper discusses the two approaches in brief along with stating their criticism. Then a conclusion is made from the said discussion.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Classical and Behavioural Approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction The concept of management of people as an organized group must have existed ever since human beings started living in organized societies. History shows us that there have been many great empires and civilizations that have developed, grown, and decayed over a period of time. For an organized activity to be successful there should exist, elements of leadership and management. It can be said that some form of management might have e xisted over the years. But it is only during the later half of the nineteenth century that established principles and theories of management began to emerge. The early theories of management, often referred to as scientific were based on increasing productivity in a competitive economy fuelled by the industrial revolution. This approach in most cases treated people as machines without consideration of their feelings or not taking into account the fact that humans are complex beings. But ever since the shortcomings of a scientific approach became apparent a more human centric outlook developed. This viewpoint is referred to as the behavioral approaches, began to take into account that employees are motivated by factors other than money. Due to the importance of management with regard to an organization’s growth and success, it is important to understand the history of management theories. Growing levels of communication, travel, globalization, and free trade have made the mark et highly competitive and mangers should be aware of the complexities of management. They should be able to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches mentioned above. This paper is an attempt at explaining the two approaches followed by a comparative analysis of the same. The first section will discuss scientific management theories followed by behavioral approaches. A comparative analysis will be done next before concluding the paper. Classical approach to management Management principles as they exist today have been evolved over a period of time. Its emergence is not a phenomenon of the twentieth century only. Management, in one form, or other existed in the other social, political and economic life of mankind throughout the ages. It has grown along with other social, political and economic institutions.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In olden days it existed in the form of personal leadership. When trade developed, with increasing out put of artisans, management of some type developed. However, the problems of management in those days were simple and capable of easy solution. Henry Fayol, F.W. Taylor and Max Weber contributed much classical approach of management. The classical period 1890- 1930 is considered as the classical period. This period is called as scientific management period because only during this period the contributions of F.W. Taylor and Henry Fayol furthered the causes of scientific management. Till then management was concerned only in terms of privileges, authority and obligations of ownership. However this period witnessed a great advance in the management practice and also the introduction of better and faster methods of production. The salient features of this period can be outlined as follows. Various methods were devised for utilizing human effort intelligently with a view to maximize the output with minimum waste. Work was planned and controlled. The organizational structure was thoroughly overhauled. Wage payment systems were made incentive-oriented so as to provide maximum motivation to workers. Contribution by different theorists The classical approach of management is enriched with the contribution by different theorists on different aspects of classical approach. They are explained below. F.W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth F.W. Taylor was considered as one of the greatest classical theorists of management and he is the father of scientific management movement. Taylor was one of the first theorists to introduce scientific management principles in management. According to Taylor, scientific management is the discovery of best method of performing a particular work under the existing conditions of knowledge and organizing ability. He also tried to develop the best and fruitful method of productivity in a given situation. The implementation of scientific man agement can increase the productivity as it uses the standardized tools and methods. The scientific management approaches focuses on the group efforts rather than individual efforts. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth also contributed much scientific management approach of classical theories of management. They helped Taylor in the development of scientific management principles. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth contributed much in designing the principles related to time study and motion study (Historical perspective on productivity improvement, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Classical and Behavioural Approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Henri Fayol and Mary Parker Follet Henry Fayol developed certain principles which could be used in all management situations. The main contribution by Fayol includes he introduced the concept of division of industrial activities. He also contributed some essential qualities of an effective manager. He is the management expert who classified the management process in to different functions like planning, organizing†¦etc. He was the developer of 14 principles of managenet (What are the 14 Principles of Management, 2009). Mary Parker Follet attempted to interpret classical management principles in terms of human factors. She gave solution for managing the conflicts in the organizations. She also suggested that the managers should be ready to recognize the importance of group work and the manager should be a good co-coordinator. Max Weber – Bureaucracy Max Weber is another expert in classical approach of management. Weber was of the opinion that well established principles and practices were the best option for growth and productivity. Once the best practices are indentified they should be implemented and practiced without fail. He was also in favor of a high hierarchical structure with clear cut directions which should be followed to the letter. Cri ticism However in the development of management, scientific management stressed the application of methodology of science rather than individual wisdom and ability in the running of an industry. Critics of scientific management state that those who follow the scientific management viewed the business organization from extremely mechanical view and treated the worker as a rational profit maximizing element of the system. Thus scientific management, which is considered as the greatest among the classical approach is suffering from this kinds of criticism. Behavioral approach to management The industrial revolution and the growth of job opportunities resulted in a mass migration of rural population to the cities. The appalling working conditions brought about by scientific management and the general changes and liberalization in societies resulted in an approach that is more attuned toward the needs of workers other than their salaries and wages. â€Å"Several prominent theorists bega n to direct their attention to the human element in the workplace. Elton Mayo, Mary Parker Follett, Douglas McGregor, Chris Argyris, and Abraham Maslow were writers who addressed this issue by contending that increased worker satisfaction would lead to better performance† (Behavioral management theory, n.d.). The above list is not comprehensive and only illustrative of the change in approach. This section will focus on theories that had a strong impact in shift of approaches from a scientific one to a more humanistic approach.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Studies by Roethlisberger Dickson It could be said that the above two theorists were one of the earliest ones to view employees as humans rather than as workers. Their work is primarily a detailed chronicle of an earlier study, now known as the famous Hawthorne experiment. Their work does not have an individuality of their own, but is based on other studies including the one mentioned above. But what stands out is their identification of a factor they term as sentiments. The Hawthorne studies identified the concept of informal organizations to which the concept of ‘sentiment’ was added by the two theorists. According to Organ et al, sentiment is actually the attitude of the employee and if the sentiments are looked after well, productivity will increase. It can be said that â€Å"sentiments are the underlying dimensions of attitudes, values, and feelings that shape the informal organization† Organ, Podsakoff Bradley, p. 48). This study is not original in that s ense, but is a contribution to the humanistic approach present in behavioral theories. Elton Mayo and the Western Electric Hawthorne Works It is interesting to note that this study was done primarily to understand the effect of lighting (in the workplace) on productivity and not for non-financial motivation. The surprising result was that â€Å"those experiments showed no clear connection between productivity and the amount of illumination but researchers began to wonder what kind of changes would influence output† (Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne experiments, 2008). The validity of the study cannot be questioned because it was done over a period of five years starting in 1927. Six employees of the company were selected to participate in the experiment and they were provided with different working conditions that included better/poorer lighting, rest, lesser working hours and practically no supervision. The person in charge (supervisor) acted mainly as an observer rather than a taskmaster. Different combinations were tried out and most resulted in increased productivity. The surprising result was that productivity increased even after the girls were sent back to their normal working conditions. It became obvious that lighting was not a major factor in improving productivity. Mayo and his team at Harvard came to the conclusion that freedom (lack of coercion) and a sense of participation or belonging were the primary factors responsible for the state of affairs. Moreover, the girls had developed their own style of working rather than being forced to follow one as seen in the scientific approaches. The end result was that the world of management began to appreciate the human side of management as better when compared to a coercive approach. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow observed that workers are motivated by needs that are hierarchical in nature. He developed a standard set of needs where one fulfilled need will then lead to the next one. The hierarchy of needs are physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs. Once the basic needs like food, shelter, and source of livelihood are obtained, the employee will seek job security and safety. Then comes social needs like companionship, sense of belonging, and a feeling to be needed in the organization. any aspect that enhances the ego like recognition and praise comes next (esteem needs). Once all these are achieved, the employee will look at the higher values like truth and meaning of life and existence. He will also be looking for contributing more towards society more than receiving from it. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y â€Å"Douglas McGregor’s Theory X/ Theory Y (first espoused in the early 1960s) is based to a great extent of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory from the mid 1950s† (Leonard, 2002, p.192). McGregor theorized two distinct worker attitudes that determine productivity namely X and Y. In the former scena rio, work is seen as a bother and hence the employee needs strict supervision and clear cut directions. They also tend to avoid responsibility, but are attracted towards the concept of job security. Observations about Theory Y are based on modern management principles. They welcome responsibility, do not like to be coerced, and are more attuned towards self-directed work. The concept of job satisfaction is also important. McGregor’s preferred model was Theory Y, but felt that it is more practical in small scale operations. Large scale operations (for example assembly lines) would be much better off using Theory X. Criticism Even behavioral approaches are not faultless. For example, they appear to be too rigid and cannot fully explain the complexity of human behavior. All the factors are pre-determined and it is assumed that all human emotions and needs fall within these parameters. Comparative study It can be seen that the behavioral approach is more advantageous and even pra ctical when the human element is involved. The scientific approach is fine when dealing with machines, but where employees are concerned, it is important to take into consideration factors distinct from compensation and income. Today’s managers need to understand both these concepts because elements from the two are present in management practices. For example, McDonald’s have a highly standardized set of work practices aimed at mass and efficient production. But they also have policies where worker motivation and job satisfaction is given importance. Moreover, concepts like lean manufacturing and just-in-time have their basis in scientific management principles. The concept of Kaizen or continuous improvement is an offshoot of the principles found in the scientific approach (Best, 2001, p. 113). Conclusion It can be seen that both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages. The principles of lean production, continuous improvement, and just-in-time have their roots in the scientific approach. The importance of human resources management and department in organizations illustrate the importance of the behavioral or humanistic approach to management. It is essential that the diverse needs that motivate employees and bring about job satisfaction need to be considered in today’s management scenario. But workers also need to be controlled and an element of standardization be present in many processes. It can be concluded that elements of both approaches need to be present in today’s management practices. The factor that should be given more importance is the behavioral or humanistic approach to management. References Behavioral management theory. (n.d.). ArticlesGratuits.com. Web. Best, M. H. (2001). The new competitive advantage (p. 113). Oxford University Press. Elton Mayo’s Hawthorne experiments. (2008). Accel team development. Web. Historical perspective on productivity improvement. (2008). Accel team development. Web . Leonard, D. C. (2002). Learning theories, A to Z (p. 192). Greenwood Publishing Group. Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B. (2006). Organizational citizenship behavior (p. 48). SAGE. What are the 14 Principles of Management. (2009). 12Manage – The executive fast track. Web.

5 Free Alternatives to Microsoft Word

5 Free Alternatives to Microsoft Word 5 Free Alternatives to Microsoft Word Microsoft Word is the undisputed champion of modern word processing. Sure, some Apple fans are loyal to Pages. And Corel WordPerfect is still a thing. But Microsoft Word is the world’s most widely used word processor, found in homes, schools, and offices everywhere. What if you can’t afford or don’t like Word, though? Good news! There are other word processors available, so check out our list of five free alternatives to Microsoft Word to find a program that suits your needs. 1. Google Docs If any program can challenge Microsoft Word for its crown, it will be Google Docs. All you need is a Google account in order to write, format, and share documents. It’s also simple, free, and lets you download documents in multiple file formats, including DOC and DOCX. Google Docs is linked directly to Google Drive, too, so it autosaves your work with every keystroke. Another advantage of being online is collaborative working, as multiple users can edit a single shared document at the same time, saving the hassle of sending drafts back and forth. 2. LibreOffice Writer If you have used Microsoft Word for a while, LibreOffice Writer should feel reassuringly familiar. And if you’re one of those people who really hate the ribbon in MS Word, you may even prefer it! LibreOffice is, after all, a set of open-source programs that mimics the general appearance and functions of the Microsoft Office suite. Except it’s free. Which is always appealing. Currently, LibreOffice Writer offers most of the features and formatting options you find in MS Word. It uses the OpenDocument Format (ODF) file extension by default, but it also supports other documents formats, including DOC, DOCX, and RTF, so compatibility shouldn’t be an issue. 3. WPS Writer Part of the WPS Office suite, WPS Writer offers more in-built features than any other free word processor. The user interface is also closer to the modern version of Microsoft Word than most open-source word processors. Consequently, WPS Writer is ideal for those who want something as close to MS Word as possible without the hefty price tag. One notable downside is that the free version comes with adverts. These won’t bother you most of the time, but they will pop up when you use certain features (e.g., printing or exporting files). To get rid of the adverts in WPS Writer, you will have to upgrade to a paid version. 4. Apache OpenOffice Writer For Apache OpenOffice Writer, we can mostly point to the description of LibreOffice Writer above. They are similar in most respects, such as the user interface and features they offer. And this is because LibreOffice was originally based on the OpenOffice source code. Nowadays, some consider OpenOffice limited in some respects (e.g., it will let you save a document as a DOC file, but not as a DOCX file). But OpenOffice Writer remains one of the most popular, cost-free alternatives to Microsoft Word that you should try if LibreOffice isn’t quite to your liking. 5. Microsoft Word Online The last of our free alternatives to Microsoft Word is†¦ Microsoft Word. Well, to be specific, it is Microsoft Word Online, a free version of Microsoft’s word processing giant accessed via your web browser. This is great if you just want the basics, but it is a very limited version of MS Word. It doesn’t include advanced formatting options such as adding a table of contents, for instance. And while it supports DOC, DOCX, and even ODT files, it does not work with RTF files or other document formats. As such, this is mainly useful for existing MS Word users who need to work on a document when they’re away from their computer, as you can switch between the online and desktop versions easily. But if you’re looking for a professional word processor, you may need to pay for the full version.